I-endoscopy yezilwane ishintshe kakhulu kusukela ethuluzini elikhethekile lokuxilonga laba yinsika eyinhloko yomkhuba wesimanje wezilwane, okwenza kube nokuboniswa okunembile kanye nokungenelela okuncane ezinhlotsheni zezilwane. Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule, lo mkhakha ushintshe kakhulu ngokuhlangana kobuchwepheshe bokubona, bomshini, kanye nobedijithali. Intuthuko yakamuva, kufaka phakathi izithombe ezinesinqumo esiphezulu, ukukhanya kwe-narrowband, izinhlelo ezisizwa yirobhothi, ukuxilongwa okuqhutshwa yi-artificial intelligence (AI), kanye nokuqeqeshwa okusekelwe ku-virtual reality (VR), kwandise ububanzi be-endoscopy kusukela ezinqubweni ezilula zesisu kuya ekuhlinzeni okuyinkimbinkimbi kwesifuba kanye namathambo. Lokhu kusungulwa kuthuthukise kakhulu ukunemba kokuxilonga, ukunemba kokuhlinzwa, kanye nemiphumela yangemva kokuhlinzwa, kuyilapho futhi kunegalelo ekuthuthukisweni kwenhlalakahle yezilwane kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezokwelapha. Kodwa-ke, i-endoscopy yezilwane isabhekene nezinselele ezihlobene nezindleko, ukuqeqeshwa, kanye nokufinyeleleka, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezivinjelwe izinsiza. Lokhu kubuyekezwa kunikeza ukuhlaziywa okuphelele kokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe, ukusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha, kanye nezitayela ezivelayo ku-endoscopy yezilwane kusukela ngo-2000 kuya ku-2025, kugqamisa izinto ezintsha ezibalulekile, imikhawulo, kanye namathemba esikhathi esizayo azokwakha isizukulwane esilandelayo sokuxilonga nokwelashwa kwezilwane.
Amagama angukhiye: i-endoscopy yezilwane; i-laparoscopy; ubuhlakani bokwenziwa; ukuhlinzwa kwerobhothi; amasu angangenisi kakhulu; ukuthwebula izithombe zezilwane; iqiniso elingokoqobo; ukusungula izinto ezintsha zokuxilonga; ukuhlinzwa kwezilwane; ubuchwepheshe be-endoscopic.
1. Isingeniso
Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule, imithi yezilwane iye yashintsha indlela ebukeka ngayo, kanti i-endoscopy iba yitshe lesisekelo lokusungula izinto ezintsha zokuxilonga nokwelapha. Ekuqaleni yaguqulwa kusukela ezinqubweni zezokwelapha zabantu, i-endoscopy yezilwane ishintshe ngokushesha yaba umkhakha okhethekile ohlanganisa izithombe zokuxilonga, izinhlelo zokuhlinzwa zomhlaba wonke, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezemfundo. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo ze-fiber optics eziguquguqukayo kanye nezinhlelo ezisizwa ngevidiyo kuye kwenza odokotela bezilwane bakwazi ukubona izakhiwo zangaphakathi ngokulimala okuncane, okuthuthukisa kakhulu ukunemba kokuxilonga kanye nokululama kwesiguli (Fransson, 2014). Izicelo zokuqala ze-endoscopy yezilwane zazikhawulelwe ezinqubweni zokuhlola zamathumbu kanye nezomoya, kodwa izinhlelo zesimanje manje zisekela ukungenelela okubanzi, okuhlanganisa i-laparoscopy, i-arthroscopy, i-thoracoscopy, i-cystoscopy, ngisho ne-hysteroscopy kanye ne-otoscopy (Radhakrishnan, 2016; Brandão & Chernov, 2020). Okwamanje, ukuhlanganiswa kwezithombe zedijithali, ukuphathwa kwerobhothi, kanye nokuqashelwa kwephethini okusekelwe ku-AI kuphakamisa ama-endoscope ezilwane kusukela kumathuluzi enziwe ngesandla kuphela kuya ezinhlelweni zokuxilonga eziqhutshwa idatha ezikwazi ukuhumusha ngesikhathi sangempela kanye nokuphendula (Gomes et al., 2025).
Intuthuko kusukela kumathuluzi okubona ayisisekelo kuya ezinhlelweni zedijithali ezicacile kakhulu ibonisa ukugcizelela okukhulayo ekuhlinzeni kwezilwane okungavamile (i-MIS). Uma kuqhathaniswa nokuhlinzwa okuvulekile kwendabuko, i-MIS inikeza ubuhlungu obuncishisiwe ngemva kokuhlinzwa, ukululama okusheshayo, ukusikwa okuncane, kanye nezinkinga ezimbalwa (Liu & Huang, 2024). Ngakho-ke, i-endoscopy ihlangabezana nesidingo esikhulayo sokunakekelwa kwezilwane okusekelwe enhlalakahleni, okusekelwe ekuqondeni, okuhlinzeka hhayi nje ngezinzuzo zezokwelapha kodwa futhi nokuthuthukisa uhlaka lokuziphatha lomkhuba wezilwane (Yitbarek & Dagnaw, 2022). Ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe, njengokuthwebula izithombe okusekelwe ku-chip, ukukhanya okukhipha i-diode (LED) ukukhanya, ukubona ngeso lengqondo okunezinhlangothi ezintathu (3D), kanye namarobhothi anempendulo ye-haptic, kuye kwachaza kabusha amakhono e-endoscopy yesimanje. Okwamanje, ama-simulators e-virtual reality (VR) kanye ne-augmented reality (AR) ashintshe ukuqeqeshwa kwezilwane, ahlinzeka ngemfundo yenqubo ejulile ngenkathi enciphisa ukuthembela ekuhlolweni kwezilwane eziphilayo (Aghapour & Bockstahler, 2022).
Naphezu kwalezi ntuthuko ezibalulekile, lo mkhakha uyaqhubeka nokubhekana nezinselele. Izindleko eziphezulu zemishini, ukushoda kochwepheshe abanamakhono, kanye nokufinyelela okulinganiselwe ezinhlelweni zokuqeqesha ezithuthukisiwe kuvimbela ukwamukelwa kabanzi, ikakhulukazi emazweni anengeniso ephansi nephakathi (Regea, 2018; Yitbarek & Dagnaw, 2022). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe obusha, njengokuhlaziywa kwezithombe okuqhutshwa yi-AI, i-endoscopy ekude, kanye nokuzisebenzela kwerobhothi, kuveza izinselele zomthetho, zokuziphatha, kanye nokusebenzisana okufanele kubhekwe ukuze kufezwe amandla aphelele e-endoscopy yezilwane (Tonutti et al., 2017). Lokhu kubuyekezwa kunikeza ukuhlanganiswa okubalulekile kwentuthuko, ukusetshenziswa kwemitholampilo, imikhawulo, kanye namathemba esikhathi esizayo e-endoscopy yezilwane. Kusebenzisa izincwadi zemfundo eziqinisekisiwe kusukela ngo-2000 kuya ku-2025 ukuhlola ukuvela kobuchwepheshe, umthelela walo wezokwelapha oguqulayo, kanye nemiphumela yalo yesikhathi esizayo ekunakekelweni kwezempilo kwezilwane kanye nemfundo.
2. Ukuvela Kwe-Endoscopy Yezilwane
Imvelaphi ye-endoscopy yezilwane isekuguqulweni kokuqala kwezinsimbi zokwelapha zabantu. Maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, ama-endoscope aqinile asetshenziswa okokuqala ezilwaneni ezinkulu, ikakhulukazi amahhashi, ekuhlolweni kokuphefumula kanye nokwesisu, naphezu kobukhulu bawo obukhulu kanye nokubonakala okulinganiselwe (Swarup & Dwivedi, 2000). Ukwethulwa kwe-fiber optics kamuva kwenza kwaba lula ukuhamba okuguquguqukayo ngaphakathi kwemigodi yomzimba, kwabeka isisekelo se-endoscopy yezilwane yesimanje. Ukufika kwe-video endoscopy ngawo-1990 nasekuqaleni kwawo-2000, kusetshenziswa amakhamera e-charge-coupled device (CCD) ukuze kuboniswe izithombe zesikhathi sangempela, kwathuthukisa kakhulu ukucaca kwesithombe, i-ergonomics, kanye nokuqoshwa kwamacala (Radhakrishnan, 2016). Ukuguqulwa kusuka ezinhlelweni ze-analog kuya kwedijithali kuye kwathuthukisa kakhulu ukuxazululwa kwesithombe kanye nokubonakala kwezakhiwo ze-mucosal nezemithambo yegazi. UFransson (2014) ugcizelela ukuthi i-laparoscopy yezilwane, eyake yabhekwa njengengasebenzi, manje ibalulekile ekuhlinzeni okuvamile nokuyinkimbinkimbi njenge-biopsy yesibindi, i-adrenalectomy, kanye ne-cholecystectomy (Yaghobian et al., 2024). Ekwelashweni kwezilwane zasolwandle, i-endoscopy ishintshe kakhulu ukuxilongwa kokuphefumula ngokuvumela ukubona ngqo izilonda (Brandão & Chernov, 2020). Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo ze-high-definition (HD) kanye ne-4K ngo-2010s ukuhlukaniswa kwezicubu ezicwengisisiwe, kuyilapho i-narrow-band imaging (NBI) kanye ne-fluorescence endoscopy kuthuthukise ukutholakala kokukhubazeka kwe-mucosal kanye nemithambo yegazi (Gulati et al., kanye ne-robotics, i-digital imaging, kanye nobuchwepheshe obungenantambo). Izinhlelo ezisizwa yirobhothi, njenge-Vik y endoscope stent ethathwe ekuhlinzeni kwabantu, zithuthukise ukunemba ku-laparoscopy kanye ne-thoracoscopy. Izingalo zerobhothi ezincane manje zivumela ukuphathwa kwezinhlobo ezincane nezingavamile. I-Capsule endoscopy, eyaklanyelwa abantu ekuqaleni, ivumela ukuthathwa kwezithombe zesisu ezingangenisi ezilwaneni ezincane nasezikhungweni zezilwane ezidla inyama ngaphandle kwe-anesthesia (Rathee et al., 2024). Intuthuko yakamuva ekuxhumekeni kwedijithali iguqule i-endoscopy yaba yindawo eqhutshwa idatha. Ukuhlanganiswa kwamafu kusekela ukubonisana okude kanye nokuxilongwa kwe-endoscopic okude (Diez & Wohllebe, 2025), kuyilapho izinhlelo ezisizwa yi-AI manje sezingakwazi ukubona ngokuzenzakalelayo izilonda kanye nezimpawu zomzimba (Gomes et al., 2025). Lezi zinguquko ziguqule i-endoscopy kusukela ethuluzini lokuxilonga yaba yipulatifomu eguquguqukayo yokunakekelwa kwezokwelapha, ucwaningo, kanye nemfundo; ibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwemithi yezilwane yesimanje esekelwe ebufakazini (Isithombe 1).
Izingxenye zemishini ye-endoscope yezilwane
I-Endoscope: I-endoscope iyithuluzi eliyinhloko kunoma iyiphi inqubo ye-endoscopic, eyenzelwe ukunikeza umbono ocacile noqondile we-anatomy yangaphakathi. Yakhiwe yizingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko: ipayipi lokufaka, isibambo, kanye nekhebula le-umbilical (Isithombe 2-4).
- Ishubhu lokufaka: Liqukethe indlela yokudlulisa isithombe: i-fiber optic bundle (i-fiber endoscope) noma i-chip yedivayisi ehlanganisiwe (i-CCD) (i-video endoscope). Isiteshi se-Biopsy/aspiration, isiteshi sokuhlanza/sokukhuphuka kwentengo, ikhebula lokulawula ukuphambuka.
- Isibambo: Sifaka inkinobho yokulawula ukuphambuka, ukungena kwesiteshi okusizayo, ukuhlanza/ukwenyuka kwamandla, kanye nevalvu yokufutha.
- Ikhebula le-umbilical: Linomthwalo wokudlulisa ukukhanya.
Ama-endoscope asetshenziswa kwezokwelapha zezilwane angezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko: aqinile futhi aguquguquka.
1. Ama-Endoscope Aqinile: Ama-endoscope aqinile, noma ama-telescope, asetshenziswa kakhulu ukuhlola izakhiwo ezingezona izimbobo, njengemifantu yomzimba kanye nezikhala zamalunga. Aqukethe ithubhu eliqondile, elingaguquki eliqukethe amalensi engilazi kanye nezinhlangano ze-fiber optic eziqondisa ukukhanya endaweni okuqondiwe kuyo. Ama-endoscope aqinile afaneleka kahle ezinqubweni ezidinga ukufinyelela okuzinzile nokuqondile, okuhlanganisa i-arthroscopy, i-laparoscopy, i-thoracoscopy, i-rhinoscopy, i-cystoscopy, i-hysteroscopy, kanye ne-otoscopy. Ububanzi be-telescope buvame ukusuka ku-1.2 mm kuya ku-10 mm, ngobude obungu-10-35 cm; i-endoscope engu-5-mm yanele ezimweni eziningi ze-laparoscopic yezilwane ezincane futhi iyithuluzi elisebenziseka kalula le-urethroscopy, i-cystoscopy, i-rhinoscopy, kanye ne-otoscopy, yize ama-sheath okuvikela enconywa kumamodeli amancane. Ama-engeli okubuka aqinile angu-0°, 30°, 70°, noma 90° avumela ukubona okuqondiwe; i-endoscope engu-0° ilula ukuyisebenzisa kodwa inikeza umbono omncane kunemodeli engu-25°–30°. Amatheleskopu angu-30-cm, angu-5-mm awusizo kakhulu ekuhlinzweni kwezilwane ezincane kwe-laparoscopic kanye nesifuba. Naphezu kokuguquguquka kwawo okulinganiselwe, ama-endoscope aqinile ahlinzeka ngezithombe ezizinzile nezisezingeni eliphezulu, ezibaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni zokuhlinzwa ezibucayi kakhulu (Miller, 2019; Pavletic & Riehl, 2018). Aphinde ahlinzeke ngokufinyelela kokubuka kokuxilonga kanye nezinqubo ezilula ze-biopsy (Van Lue et al., 2009).
2. Ama-Endoscope Aguquguqukayo:Ama-endoscope aguquguqukayo asetshenziswa kakhulu kwezokwelapha zezilwane ngenxa yokuzivumelanisa nezimo kanye nekhono lawo lokuhamba ngama-anatomical curves. Aqukethe ithubhu yokufaka eguquguqukayo equkethe inqwaba ye-fiber optics noma ikhamera encane, efanelekile ukuhlola umgudu wokugaya ukudla, umgudu wokuphefumula, kanye nomgudu womchamo (Boulos & Dujardin, 2020; Wylie & Fielding, 2020) [3, 32]. Ububanzi bethubhu yokufaka busukela ngaphansi kuka-1 mm kuya ku-14 mm, kanti ubude busukela ku-55 kuya ku-170 cm. Ama-endoscope amade (>125 cm) asetshenziselwa i-duodenoscopy kanye ne-colonoscopy ezinjeni ezinkulu.
Ama-endoscope aguquguqukayo afaka ama-endoscope e-fiber optic kanye nama-endoscope evidiyo, ahlukile ngezindlela zawo zokudlulisa izithombe. Izinhlelo zokusebenza zifaka phakathi i-bronchoscopy, i-endoscopy yesisu, kanye ne-urinalysis. Ama-endoscope e-fiber optic adlulisela izithombe eqoqweni lamehlo ngenqwaba yezintambo ze-optical, ngokuvamile ezifakwe ikhamera ye-CCD yokubonisa nokuqopha. Angabizi futhi ayaphatheka, kodwa akhiqiza izithombe ezinesinqumo esiphansi futhi asengozini yokuphuka kwe-fiber. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ama-endoscope evidiyo athatha izithombe nge-chip ye-CCD esicongweni esikude futhi azidlulisele ngogesi, enikeza ikhwalithi yesithombe ephezulu ngezindleko eziphakeme. Ukungabikho kwenqwaba ye-fiber kususa amabala amnyama abangelwa umonakalo we-fiber, okuqinisekisa izithombe ezicacile. Izinhlelo zekhamera zanamuhla zithatha izithombe ezinesinqumo esiphezulu, zesikhathi sangempela kusikrini sangaphandle. Incazelo ephezulu (1080p) ijwayelekile, ngamakhamera angu-4K anikeza ukunemba okuthuthukisiwe kokuxilonga (Barton & Rew, 2021; Raspanti & Perrone, 2021). Amakhamera e-CCD ane-chip ezintathu anikeza umbala nemininingwane engcono kunezinhlelo ze-single-chip, kuyilapho ifomethi yevidiyo ye-RGB inikeza ikhwalithi engcono kakhulu. Umthombo wokukhanya ubalulekile ekubonisweni kwangaphakathi; Izibani ze-xenon (100-300 watts) zikhanya futhi zicacile kunezibani ze-halogen. Ngokuqhubekayo, imithombo yokukhanya ye-LED isetshenziswa ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okupholile, isikhathi eside sokuphila, kanye nokukhanya okuqhubekayo (Kaushik & Narula, 2018; Schwarz & McLeod, 2020). Ukukhulisa nokucaca kubalulekile ekuhloleni izakhiwo ezincane ezinhlelweni eziqinile neziguquguqukayo (Miller, 2019; Thiemann & Neuhaus, 2019). Izesekeli ezifana ne-biopsy forceps, amathuluzi e-electrocautery, kanye namabhasikidi okuthola amatshe avumela izinqubo zokuthola amasampula okuxilonga kanye nokwelashwa enkambisweni eyodwa engangenisi kakhulu (Wylie & Fielding, 2020; Barton & Rew, 2021). Ama-monitor abonisa izithombe zesikhathi sangempela, asekela ukubona nokuqopha okunembile. Ividiyo eqoshiwe iyasiza ekuxilongeni, ekuqeqeshweni, nasekubuyekezweni kwamacala (Kaushik & Narula, 2018; Pavletic & Riehl, 2018) [18, 19]. Uhlelo lokuhlanza luthuthukisa ukubonakala ngokususa udoti kulensi, okubaluleke kakhulu ku-endoscopy yesisu (Raspanti & Perrone, 2021; Schwarz & McLeod, 2020).
Amasu Nezinqubo Ze-Endoscopy Yezilwane
I-Endoscopy kwezokwelapha kwezilwane isebenza kokubili ngezinjongo zokuxilonga kanye nokwelapha futhi isibe yingxenye ebalulekile yemikhuba yesimanje engangenisi kakhulu. Umsebenzi oyinhloko we-endoscopy yokuxilonga ukubona ngqo izakhiwo zangaphakathi, okuvumela ukuhlonza izinguquko ze-pathological ezingase zingabonakali ngezindlela ezivamile zokuthwebula izithombe njenge-rayography. Iwusizo kakhulu ekuhloleni izifo zesisu, izifo zokuphefumula, kanye nokuphazamiseka kwendlela yomchamo, lapho ukuhlolwa kwesikhathi sangempela kwezindawo ze-mucosal kanye nezakhiwo ze-luminal kuvumela ukuxilongwa okunembe kakhudlwana (Miller, 2019).
Ngaphandle kokuxilongwa, i-endoscopy yokwelapha inikeza izinhlobo eziningi zezicelo zezokwelapha. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukulethwa kwemithi endaweni ethile, ukufakwa kwezimila zezokwelapha, ukunwetshwa kwezakhiwo zamashubhu ezincishisiwe noma ezivalekile, kanye nokutholwa kwezidumbu zakwamanye amazwe noma amatshe kusetshenziswa amathuluzi akhethekile adluliswe nge-endoscope (Samuel et al., 2023). Amasu e-endoscopic avumela odokotela bezilwane ukuphatha izimo eziningana ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuhlinzwa okuvulekile. Izinqubo zokwelapha ezivamile zifaka phakathi ukususwa kwezidumbu zakwamanye amazwe ezidliwe noma eziphefumulayo ezindleleni zamathumbu nezokuphefumula, ukutholwa kwamatshe esinyeni, kanye nokungenelela okuqondiwe kusetshenziswa amathuluzi akhethekile adluliswe nge-endoscope. Ama-biopsies e-endoscopic kanye nokusampula kwezicubu kuphakathi kwezinqubo ezenziwa njalo emtholampilo wezilwane. Ikhono lokuthola amasampula ezicubu ezimele zesitho esithintekile ngaphansi kokubona ngqo libalulekile ekuxilongweni kwezimila, ukuvuvukala, kanye nezifo ezithathelwanayo, ngaleyo ndlela liqondise amasu okwelapha afanele (Raspanti & Perrone, 2021).
Emisebenzini yezilwane ezincane, ukususwa kwezidumbu zangaphandle kusalokhu kungenye yezinkomba ezivame kakhulu ze-endoscopy, okunikeza enye indlela ephephile futhi engangenisi kakhulu kunokuhlinzwa okuhlolayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-endoscopy idlala indima ebalulekile ekusizeni izinqubo zokuhlinzwa ezingangenisi kakhulu njenge-laparoscopic oophorectomy kanye ne-cystectomy. Lezi zinqubo ezisizwa yi-endoscopic, uma ziqhathaniswa namasu okuhlinzwa avulekile endabuko, zihlotshaniswa nokulimala kwezicubu okuncishisiwe, izikhathi zokululama ezimfushane, ubuhlungu obuncane ngemva kokuhlinzwa, kanye nemiphumela yobuhle ethuthukisiwe (Kaushik & Narula, 2018). Sekukonke, lezi zindlela ziqokomisa indima ekhulayo ye-endoscopy yezilwane njengethuluzi lokuxilonga nokwelapha kwezokwelapha zezilwane zanamuhla. Ama-Endoscope asetshenziswa emtholampilo wezilwane nawo angahlukaniswa ngokwendlela ahlosiwe ngayo. Ithebula 1 lichaza ama-endoscope asetshenziswa kakhulu.
3. Ubuchwepheshe Bokusungula Nokuthuthuka Kwe-Endoscopy Yezilwane
Ukusungula izinto ezintsha kwezobuchwepheshe kuyimbangela yokuguqulwa kwe-endoscopy yezilwane kusukela ekuxilongweni okusha kuya endaweni yokwelapha enembile. Inkathi yanamuhla yokuhlola i-endoscopic ekwelashweni kwezilwane ibonakala ngokuhlangana kwe-optics, i-robotics, i-digital imaging, kanye nobuhlakani bokwenziwa, okuhlose ukuthuthukisa ukubona, ukusebenza, kanye nokuchazwa kokuxilonga. Lokhu kusungula izinto ezintsha kuthuthukise kakhulu ukuphepha kwenqubo, kunciphisa ukungenelela kokuhlinzwa, futhi kwandise izinhlelo zokusebenza zezokwelapha zezilwane ezihambisanayo, izilwane zasemapulazini, kanye nezinhlobo zezilwane zasendle (Tonutti et al., 2017). Eminyakeni edlule, i-endoscopy yezilwane izuze ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe okuthuthukise ikhwalithi yokuthwebula izithombe kanye nokusebenza kahle kwenqubo iyonke.
3.1Ukuqamba Okusha Kokubona Nokuthwebula Izithombe:Inhliziyo yanoma yiluphi uhlelo lwe-endoscopic inekhono lalo lokuthwebula izithombe. Ama-endoscope okuqala asebenzisa ama-fiber optic bundles ukuze adlulisele ukukhanya, kodwa lokhu kunqunywa kwesithombe okulinganiselwe kanye nokuthembeka kombala. Ukuthuthukiswa kwamadivayisi ahlanganiswe ngokushaja (ama-CCD) kanye nezinzwa ze-metal-oxide-semiconductor (ama-CMOS) ezihambisanayo kushintshe ukucabanga ngokuvumela ukuguqulwa kwedijithali okuqondile esicongweni se-endoscope, kuthuthukisa ukulungiswa kwendawo kanye nokunciphisa umsindo (uRadhakrishnan, 2016). Izinhlelo ze-High-definition (HD) kanye ne-4K resolution zathuthukisa imininingwane kanye nokuhluka kombala futhi manje sezijwayelekile ezikhungweni zezilwane ezithuthukile ukuze kubonakale kahle izakhiwo ezincane njenge-bronchi, i-bile ducts, kanye nezitho zorogenital. Ukuthwebula izithombe ze-Narrow-band (NBI), okuthathwe emithini yabantu, kusebenzisa ukuhlunga kwe-optical ukugqamisa amaphethini e-mucosal kanye ne-vascular, kusiza ekutholakaleni kokuqala kokuvuvukala kanye nokwakheka kwesimila (uGulati et al., 2020).
I-endoscopy esekelwe ku-fluorescence, esebenzisa ukukhanya okuseduze kwe-infrared noma kwe-ultraviolet, ivumela ukubonakala kwesikhathi sangempela kwezicubu ezibhalwe ngamagama kanye nokugeleza kwegazi. Ku-oncology yezilwane kanye ne-hepatology, kuthuthukisa ukunemba kokutholwa kwe-tumor margin kanye ne-biopsy. UYaghobian et al. (2024) bathole ukuthi i-endoscopy ye-fluorescence yabonisa ngempumelelo uhlelo lwe-hepatic microvascular ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa kwesibindi senja i-laparoscopic. I-endoscopy ye-3D kanye ne-stereoscopic yandisa ukuqonda okujulile, okubalulekile ekwakheni umzimba okuhle, kanye nezinhlelo zesimanje ezilula zinciphisa ukukhathala komqhubi (Fransson, 2014; Iber et al., 2025). Ubuchwepheshe bokukhanyisa buye bashintsha kusukela ku-halogen kuya ezinhlelweni ze-xenon kanye ne-LED. Ama-LED anikeza ukukhanya okuphezulu, ukuqina, kanye nokukhiqizwa okuncane kokushisa, kunciphisa ukulimala kwezicubu ngesikhathi sezinqubo ezinde. Uma kuhlanganiswe nezihlungi ze-optical kanye nokulawula inzuzo yedijithali, lezi zinhlelo zinikeza ukukhanya okuqhubekayo kanye nokuboniswa okuphezulu kwe-endoscopy yezilwane enembile kakhulu (Tonutti et al., 2017).
3.2Ukuhlanganiswa kweRobotics kanye neMechatronics:Ukuhlanganiswa kwamarobhothi ku-endoscopy yezilwane kuthuthukisa kakhulu ukunemba kokuhlinzwa kanye nokusebenza kahle kwe-ergonomic. Izinhlelo ezisizwa yirobhothi zinikeza ukuguquguquka okuphezulu kanye nokulawula ukunyakaza, okuvumela ukuphathwa okunembile ngaphakathi kwezikhala zomzimba ezivalekile ngenkathi kunciphisa ukuthuthumela kanye nokukhathala komqhubi. Izinhlelo zabantu ezilungisiwe, njenge-da Vinci Surgical System kanye ne-EndoAssist, kanye nezinhlobo zezilwane ezifana ne-Viky robotic arm kanye ne-telemanipulators, zithuthukise ukunemba ekuthungeni kwe-laparoscopic kanye nokubopha amafindo (Liu & Huang, 2024). Ukusebenza kwerobhothi kusekela nokuhlinzwa kwe-laparoscopic okukodwa, okuvumela ukusebenza kwezinsimbi eziningi ngokusika okukodwa ukunciphisa ukulimala kwezicubu nokusheshisa ukululama. Izinhlelo ze-microrobotic ezintsha ezihlonyiswe ngamakhamera nezinzwa zinikeza ukuzulazula kwe-endoscopic okuzenzakalelayo ezilwaneni ezincane, okwandisa ukufinyelela ezithweni zangaphakathi ezingafinyeleleki ngama-endoscope avamile (Kaffas et al., 2024). Ukuhlanganiswa nobuhlakani bokwenziwa kwenza amapulatifomu erobhothi akwazi ukubona izimpawu zomzimba, ukulungisa ukunyakaza ngokuzimela, futhi asize ezinqubweni ezizenzakalelayo ngaphansi kokuqashwa kwezilwane (Gomes et al., 2025).
3.3Ubuhlakani Bokwenziwa kanye ne-Endoscopy Yekhompyutha:Ubuhlakani bokwenziwa sebube ithuluzi elibalulekile lokuthuthukisa ukuhlaziywa kwesithombe, ukwenza imisebenzi isebenze ngokuzenzakalela, kanye nokuhumusha ukuxilongwa kwe-endoscopic. Amamodeli okubona ngekhompyutha aqhutshwa yi-AI, ikakhulukazi amanethiwekhi e-convolutional neural (ama-CNN), aqeqeshwa ukuhlonza izifo ezifana nezilonda, ama-polyp, kanye nama-tumors ezithombeni ze-endoscopic ngokunemba okufana noma okungaphezu kwalokho kochwepheshe babantu (uGomes et al., 2025). Kwezokwelapha kwezilwane, amamodeli e-AI aklanywa ukuze abhekele ukuhlukahluka kokwakheka komzimba kanye nokwe-histological kwezinhlobo ezithile, okuphawula inkathi entsha ekuthathweni kwezithombe zezilwane eziningi. Isicelo esisodwa esiphawulekayo sihilela ukutholwa kwezilonda ngesikhathi sangempela kanye nokuhlukaniswa ngesikhathi se-endoscopy yamathumbu. Ama-algorithms ahlaziya ukusakazwa kwamavidiyo ukuze aqokomise izindawo ezingavamile, esiza odokotela ekwenzeni izinqumo ezisheshayo nezihambisanayo (uPrasad et al., 2021).
Ngokufanayo, amathuluzi okufunda ngomshini asetshenziswe ekufomeni kwe-bronchoscopic ukuze kutholakale ukuvuvukala komoya ezinjeni nasemakatini (Brandão & Chernov, 2020). I-AI iphinde isize ekuhleleni inqubo kanye nokuhlaziywa kwangemva kokuhlinzwa. Idatha evela ekuhlinzweni kwangaphambilini ingahlanganiswa ukuze kubikezelwe amaphuzu okungena afanele, indlela yokusebenza kwezinsimbi, kanye nezingozi zezinkinga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlaziya okubikezelayo kungahlola imiphumela yangemva kokuhlinzwa kanye namathuba ezinkinga, kuqondise izinqumo zezokwelapha (Diez & Wohllebe, 2025). Ngaphandle kokuxilongwa, i-AI isekela ukulungiswa komsebenzi, ukwenza lula imibhalo yamacala kanye nemfundo ngokusebenzisa izichasiselo ezenzakalelayo, ukukhiqizwa kwemibiko, kanye nokumaka imethadatha kwamavidiyo aqoshiwe. Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-AI namapulatifomu e-endoscopy akude asekelwe efwini kuthuthukisa ukufinyeleleka kokubonisana kochwepheshe, okwenza kube lula ukuxilongwa ngokubambisana ngisho nasezindaweni ezikude.
3.4Izinhlelo Zokuqeqesha Zeqiniso Ezingokoqobo Nezingathandwa Kakhulu:Imfundo nokuqeqeshwa ku-endoscopy yezilwane kuye kwaletha izinselelo ezinkulu ngokomlando ngenxa yendlela yokufunda ejulile ehlotshaniswa nokuzulazula kwekhamera kanye nokuxhumanisa amathuluzi. Kodwa-ke, ukuvela kwe-virtual reality (VR) kanye ne-augmented reality (AR) simulators kushintshe indlela yokufundisa, kuhlinzeka ngezindawo ezijulile eziphinda izinqubo zangempela (Aghapour & Bockstahler, 2022). Lezi zinhlelo zilingisa impendulo yokuthinta (ukuthinta), ukumelana, kanye nokuphambuka kokubona okuhlangatshezwana nakho ngesikhathi sokungenelela kwe-endoscopic. UFinocchiaro et al. (2021) babonise ukuthi ama-endoscopy simulators asekelwe ku-VR athuthukisa ukuxhumanisa isandla neso, anciphisa umthwalo wokuqonda, futhi afinyeza kakhulu isikhathi esidingekayo ukuze kufezwe ikhono lenqubo. Ngokufanayo, ukunqwabelana kwe-AR kuvumela abaqeqeshwayo ukubona ngeso lengqondo izimpawu ezibalulekile ze-anatomical ezinqubweni zesikhathi sangempela, kuthuthukisa ukuqwashisa kwendawo kanye nokunemba. Ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zinhlelo kuhambisana nesimiso se-3R (ukufaka esikhundleni, ukunciphisa, ukwenza ngcono), kunciphisa isidingo sokusetshenziswa kwezilwane eziphilayo emfundweni yokuhlinzwa. Ukuqeqeshwa kwe-VR nakho kunikeza amathuba okuhlolwa kwamakhono ajwayelekile. Izilinganiso zokusebenza njengesikhathi sokuzulazula, ukunemba kokuphatha izicubu, kanye nezinga lokuphothula inqubo zingalinganiswa, okuvumela ukuhlolwa okuqondile kwekhono labaqeqeshwayo. Le ndlela eqhutshwa idatha manje isifakwa ezinhlelweni zokuqinisekisa ukuhlinzwa kwezilwane.
3.5I-Endoscopy Ekude kanye Nokuhlanganiswa Kwamafu:Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-telemedicine ne-endoscopy kumelela enye intuthuko ebalulekile ekuxilongweni kwezilwane. I-endoscopy ekude, ngokudluliswa kwevidiyo ngesikhathi sangempela, ivumela ukubona okukude, ukubonisana, kanye nesiqondiso sochwepheshe ngesikhathi sezinqubo mathupha. Lokhu kuzuzisa kakhulu ezindaweni zasemakhaya nezingenazo izinsiza lapho ukufinyelela kochwepheshe kulinganiselwe khona (Diez & Wohllebe, 2025). Ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe bokuxhumana be-inthanethi esheshayo kanye ne-5G, ukudluliswa kwedatha okungenalo i-latency kuvumela odokotela bezilwane ukuthi bafune imibono yochwepheshe abakude ezimweni ezibucayi. Amapulatifomu okugcina izithombe nokuhlaziya asekelwe efwini andisa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwedatha ye-endoscopic. Izinqubo ezirekhodiwe zingagcinwa, zichazwe, futhi zabiwe kuwo wonke amanethiwekhi ezilwane ukuze kubuyekezwe ontanga noma kuqhutshekwe nemfundo. Lezi zinhlelo ziphinde zihlanganise izinqubo zokuphepha kwe-cyber kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwe-blockchain ukuze kugcinwe ubuqotho bedatha kanye nobumfihlo bamakhasimende, okubalulekile kumarekhodi emitholampilo.
3.6I-Endoscopy Ye-Capsule Yevidiyo Yesikhathi Sangempela (RT-VCE):Intuthuko yakamuva kwezobuchwepheshe bokuthwebula izithombe iholele ekungenisweni kwe-video capsule endoscopy (VCE), indlela engangenisi kakhulu evumela ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwe-mucosa yamathumbu. I-Real-time video capsule endoscopy (RT-VCE) imele intuthuko eyengeziwe, evumela ukubona okuqhubekayo, ngesikhathi sangempela kwendlela yamathumbu kusukela emhubheni kuya e-rectum kusetshenziswa i-capsule engenantambo. I-RT-VCE iqeda isidingo sokubulala izinzwa, inciphisa izingozi zenqubo, futhi ithuthukisa induduzo yesiguli, ngenkathi inikeza izithombe eziphezulu zobuso be-mucosal, njengoba kubikwe nguJang et al. (2025). Naphezu kokusetshenziswa kwayo kabanzi kwezokwelapha zabantu.
Siyajabula ukwabelana ngentuthuko yakamuva kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ku-endoscopy yezilwane. Njengomkhiqizi waseShayina, sinikeza uhla lwezesekeli ze-endoscopic ukusekela insimu.
Thina, iJiangxi Zhuoruihua Medical Instrument Co.,Ltd., singumkhiqizi eShayina ogxile ezintweni ezisetshenziswayo ze-endoscopic, sifaka phakathi i-Endotherapy Series efana ne-i-biopsy forceps, i-hemoclip, ugibe lwe-polyp, inaliti ye-sclerotherapy, i-catheter yokufafaza,amabhulashi e-cytology, ucingo lokuqondisa, ubhasikidi wokuthola amatshe, i-cathete yokukhipha amanzi ekhaleni njll.ezisetshenziswa kabanzi ku-I-EMR, I-ESD, I-ERCP.
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Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Ephreli-03-2026